Professor Reason recently persuaded 35 people to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for two weeks. When he came to analyze their embarrassing errors, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groups.
One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her pet dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. “The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly.” It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. “But somehow the action got reversed（顛倒）in the programme.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failures.”
Twenty percent of all errors were “test failures” — mainly due to not verifying the progress of what the body was doing. A man about to get his car out of the garage passed through the back yard where his garden jacket and boots were kept, put them on — much to his surprise. A woman reported, “I got into the bath with my socks on.”
The commonest problem was information “storage failures”. People forgot the names of people whose faces they knew, went into a room and forgot why they were there, mislaid something, or smoked a cigarette without realizing it.
The research so far suggests that while the central processor of the brain is liberated from second-to-second control of a well-practiced routine, it must repeatedly switch back its attention at important decision points to check that the action goes on as intended. Otherwise the activity may be gotten by another frequently and recently used programme, resulting in embarrassing errors.
【小題1】The purpose of the professor’s research is to __________.
| A．show the difference between men and women |
| B．sort and explain some errors in human actions |
| C．find the causes which lead to computer failures |
| D．compare computer functions with brain working |
| A．A woman went to a shop and forgot what to buy. |
| B．A man returning home after work left his key in the lock. |
| C．A lady fell as she was paying attention to each step her feet were taking. |
| D．An old man, with his shoes on, was trying to put on his socks. |
| A．improving | B．changing | C．checking | D．stopping |
| A．information collecting system being destroyed |
| B．one’s total memory being removed |
| C．the loss of part of one’s memory for a time |
| D．the separation of one’s action from words |
【小題1】B
【小題2】D
【小題3】C
【小題4】C
解析【小題1】B 選項A意為“說明男女之間的差異”；選項B意為“分類和解釋人的行為的錯誤”；選項C意為“發現電腦故障的原因”；選項D意為“將大腦的工作與電腦的功能作比較”。根據第一段最后一句，特別是“fell into a few groups”意為：分成幾組�？芍x項B為最佳答案。
【小題2】D 短文敘述了因心不在焉而犯的錯誤，將其分為三類：programme assembly failures，test failures和storage failures.根據這三類錯誤的內容可知，選項A和選項B屬于storage failures.選項C屬于test failures，則選項D屬于programme assembly failures，故D正確。
【小題3】C 根據短文第三段的內容，以及短文最后一段簡述了大腦在不斷控制行為的過程中要不時地檢測所作所為與所欲結果是否一致，如若不然，人們就會不自覺地做一些日常經常做的動作，這便是種種錯誤的根源。選項A意為“提高，改善”；選項B意為“改變”；選項C意為“檢查”；選項D意為“停止；阻攔”。故選項C正確。
【小題4】C 選項A意為“信息采集系統受到破壞”；選項B意為“人的記憶被刪除”；選項C意為“人一度失去記憶”；選項D意為“人的言行不一致”。根據第四段所提到的例子，可知選項C為最佳答案。
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同步拓展閱讀系列答案科目：高中英語 來源：四川省2010屆高三下學期第一次模擬考試 題型：完型填空
第二節 完型填空（共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分）
閱讀下面短文，從短文后所給各題的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
All the World Asks
On my first day in a college classroom, I felt like an overgrown child returning to civilization after having been lost in the forest for thirty years. There I sat, 21 enough to be a father to most of the students in the room, 22 unconfident enough to be their baby brother. We were crowded elbow (肘部) to elbow, listening to a 23 who looked even younger than the students. I felt uncomfortable and out of place as the professor carefully 24 what she expected us to learn. As I listened, I couldn't help but 25 of my own oldest daughter who was now beginning her first year in 26 , just like me. I remembered how hard I had tried to help build self-confidence in her and my other children. So why did I suddenly feel like a scared 27 myself'? When I walked out of that classroom, I had serious 28 about my ability to make it 29 college. Not until late that night did my thinking 30 .It was a long-distance 31 from my daughter, my fellow college freshman, that did the trick. She spoke on the phone about the doubts, worries and anxieties she was 32 . She was certain that she'd never 33 at college. How 34 her worries sounded! In my most confident parental 35 , I said, “Doing your best is all the world 36 .” The next day in class, those words still repeated in my head. When the professor raised a 37 for the class, nobody, including me, 38 to answer. When I looked around al the 39 and uncertainty on the young faces in that room, I knew 40 what I had to do: my best. That's all the world asks. So I raised my hand, and the professor called my name. I spoke.
21. A. big B. tall C. old D. strong
22. A. and B. so C. or D. yet
23. A. professor B. teacher C lecturer D. instructor
24. A. showed B. explained C. designed D. offered
25. A. think B. speak C. talk D. hear
26. A. school B. office C. classroom D. college
27. A. father B. parent C. child D. son
28. A. fears B. doubts C. opinions D. ideas
29. A. over B. on C. with D. through
30. A. stop B. turn C. change D. continue
31. A. call B. talk C. report D. discussion
32. A. obtaining B. gaining C. experiencing D. feeling
33. A. fail B. succeed C. win D. pass
34. A. common B. ordinary C. regular D. familiar
35. A. sound B. whisper C. word D. voice
36. A. hopes B. asks C. wants D. expects
37. A. request B. problem C. question D. demand
38. A. dared B. preferred C. tried D. prepared
39. A. sorrow B. joy C. fear D. anger
40. A. exactly B. roughly C. gradually D. Certainly
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012屆安徽省師大附中高三第一次摸底考試英語試卷 題型：閱讀理解
How Much to Tip
You’re out to dinner. The food is delicious and the service is fine. You decide to leave a big fat tip. Why? The answer may not be as simple as you think.
Tipping, psychologists have found, is not just about service. Instead, studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter’s choice of words, to how they carry themselves while taking orders, to the bill’s total. Even how much waiters remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night.
“Studies before have shown that mimicry (模仿) brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,” wrote Rick van Baaren, a social psychology professor. “These studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics them.”
S
o Rick van Baaren divided 59 waiters into two groups. He requested that half serve with a phrase such as, “Coming up!” Those in the other half were instructed to repeat the orders and preferences back to the customers. Rick van
Baaren then compared their take-home. The results were clear — it pays to mimic your customer. The copycat(模仿者) waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other group.
Leonard Green and Joel Myerson, psychologists at 
Washington University in St. Louis, found the generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill. After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters, cabdrivers, hair stylists, they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers’ bills went up. In fact, tip percentages appear to plateau (達到穩定水平) when bills topped $100 and a bill for $200 made the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a bill for $100.
“That’s also a point of tipping,” Green says. “You have to give a little extra to the cab driver for being there to pick you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you. If they weren’t there, you’d never get any service. So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there.”
【小題1】 Apart from service, how many other factors affecting the customers’ tipping are mentioned in the passage?
| A．1. | B．2. | C．3. | D．4. |
| A．tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiter’s factors |
| B．people who are being mimicked usually tip less to the person who mimics them |
| C．the mimic waiters can get almost twice as much money as the other group |
| D．mimicry makes the mimicker feel bad |
 |
| A．object to Mr. Green’s idea about tipping |
| B．think part of Mr. Green’s explanation is reasonable |
| C．give his generous tip to waiters very often |
| D．support the opinions of Mr. Green and Rick van Baaren about tipping |
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科目：高中英語 來源：2010—2011學年浙江省金華十校高二下學期期末考試英語卷 題型：閱讀理解
"I've changed my mind．I wanted to have a telescope, but now I want my daddy back．" Lucien Lawrence's letter to Father Christmas, written after his schoolteacher father had been knifed to death outside his school gale, must have touched every heart．Lucien went on to say that without his father he couldn't see the stars in the sky．When those whom we love depart from us, we cannot see the stare for a while．
But Lucien, the stars are still there, and one day, when you are older and your tears have gone, you will see them again．And, in a strange way, I expect that you will find your father is there too, in your mind and in your heart．I find that my parents, long dead now, still figure in many of my dreams and that I think of them perhaps more than 1 ever did when they were alive．I still live to please them and I'm still surprised by their reactions．I remember that when I became a professor,! was so proud, or rather so pleased with myself, that I couldn't wait to call my parents．The reply was a long time in coming, but when it did, all Mother said was "I hope this means that now you will have more time for the children!" I haven't forgotten．The values of my parents still live on．
It makes me pause and think about how I will live on in the hearts and minds of my children and of those for whom I care．Would I have been as ready as Philip Lawrence have been to face the aggressors （挑釁者）, and to lay down my life for those in my care? How many people would want me back for Christmas'' It's a serious thought, one to give me pause．
I pray silently, sometimes, in the dead of night, that ancient cry of a poet " Deliver my soul from the sword（劍）, and my darling from the power of the dog．" Yet I know the death comes to us all,
and sometimes comes suddenly．We must therefore plan to live forever, but live as if we will die
tomorrow．We live on, I'm sure, in the lives of those we loved．and therefore we ought to have a care
for what they will remember and what they will treasure．If more parents knew this in their hearts to
be true, there might be fewer knives on our streets today．
【小題1】According to the whole text we can see that the first paragraph ______．
| A．puts forward the subject of the text |
| B．shows the author's pity on the kid |
| C．acts as an introduction to the discussion |
| D．makes a clear statement of the author's views |
| A．how much he misses his parents now |
| B．why his parents often appear in his dream |
| C．when Lucien will get over all his sadness |
| D．how proud he was when he succeeded in life |
| A．Proud． | B．Happy． | C．Disappointed． | D．Worried |
| A．to leave behind a precious memory to the people related |
| B．to have a high sense of duty to the whole society |
| C．to care what others will remember and treasure |
| D．to share happiness and sadness with his family |
| A．Call on criminals and murderers to lay down their guns． |
| B．Advise parents stay with their children safely at home． |
| C．Spend every day meaningfully in memory of the death． |
| D．Try to keep violence and murder far away from society． |
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科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆天津市高考壓軸卷英語卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解
“Confidence” is probably one of the most noticeable traits(品質)in the Americans. They show confidence in the way they talk, the way they smile, the way they dress and the way they walk. Living and competing with all these confidence American students, I find it extremely important to be confident as an international student and instructor. As a student, being confident means you should never hesitate to raise your hand whenever a question or a point comes to your mind. Don’t mind if it sounds simple or silly. Otherwise you will never get a chance to speak in class at all. What’s worse, the professors may think you are not prepared for the discussion or you do not have your own opinion on the issue-this is the last comment any graduate would like to receive。
Being confidence for me as a foreign instructor means calmly asking the student to repeat what he or she has said if I did not get it. Pretending to understand what you actually did not may just bring yourself embarrassment or even disgrace. But the time I most need to be confident is when my students come to my office and bargain about the grades I have given for their Speeches。(The course I’m teaching here is Public Speaking). Modesty is a trait highly valued in China, but it won’t be of much help here if you want to survive and succeed in a good American graduate program．
【小題1】To compete with American students it’s very important to
| A．be quite confident |
| B．be polite and friendly |
| C．have more discussions with |
| D．understand what they think about |
| A．gives a silly or simple answer |
| B．tries to seize any chance to speak in class |
| C．shows no interest in the course |
| D．is considered to have no opinion of his own |
| A．he asks a student to repeat what he has said |
| B．the students bargain with him |
| C．he pretends to know what he doesn’t |
| D．he has to give a speech |
| A．we should also remain modest in America |
| B．modesty doesn’t help modest in America |
| C．American also like modest people |
| D．modesty can help you through an American graduate program |
| A．American students are ready to accept the grades from the teacher. |
| B．The writer teaches in Europe for a living. |
| C．Students are encouraged to present simple questions. |
| D．One’s ignorance will give away in time. |
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學年北京市日壇中學高二上學期期中考試英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解
It is difficult for doctors to help a person with a damaged brain. Without enough blood, the brain lives for only three to five minutes. More often the doctors can' t fix the damage. Sometimes they are afraid to try something to help because it is dangerous to work on the brain. The doctors might make the person worse if he operates on the brain.
Dr. Robert White, a famous professor and doctor, thinks he knows a way to help. He thinks doctors should make the brain very cold. If it is very cold, the brain can live without blood for 30 minutes. This gives the doctor a longer time to do something for the brain.
Dr. White tried his idea on 13 monkeys. First he taught them to do different jobs, then he operated on them. He made the monkeys' blood go through a machine. The machine cooled the blood. Then the machine sent the blood back to the monkeys' brains. When the brain' s temperature was 10°C, Dr. White stopped the blood to the brain. After 30 minutes he turned the blood back on. He warmed the blood again. After their operations the monkeys were like they had been before. They were healthy and busy. Each one could still do the jobs the doctor had taught them.
【小題1】The biggest difficulty in operating on the damaged brain is that _______.
| A．the time is too short for doctors |
| B．the patients are often too nervous |
| C．the damage is extremely hard to fix |
| D．the blood-cooling machine might break down |
| A．taking the blood out of the brain |
| B．trying the operation on monkeys first |
| C．having the blood go through a machine |
| D．lowering the brain' s temperature |
| A．can last as long as 30 minutes | B．can keep the brain' s blood warm |
| C．can keep the patient' s brain healthy | D．can help monkeys do different jobs |
| A．a,b,c,d | B．c,a,b,d | C．c, b, d, a | D．b, c, d, a |
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