C
Wikipedia was founded as a branch of Nupedia, a now-abandoned project to produce a free encyclopedia (百科全書). Nupedia required highly qualified contributors, but the writing of articles was slow. During 2000, Jimmy Wales, founder of Nupedia, and Larry Sanger, whom Wales had employed to work on the project, discussed ways of supplementing (補充) Nupedia with a more open project. Multiple sources are suggested for the idea that a wiki might allow members of the public to contribute material, and Nupedia’s first wiki went online on January 10.
There was considerable resistance on the part of Nupedia’s editors and reviewers to the idea of associating Nupedia with a Web site in the wiki format (格式), so the new project was given the name “Wikipedia” and launched on its own domain (域名), wikipedia.com, on January 15. The domain was eventually changed to the present wikipedia.org when the not-for-profit Wikimedia Foundation was launched as its new parent organization. In March 2007, the word wiki became a newly-recognized English word.
In May 2001, a wave of non-English Wikipedias was launched — in Catalan, Chinese, Dutch, Esperanto, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. These were soon joined by Arabic and Hungarian. In September, Polish was added. At the end of the year, Afrikaans, Norwegian, and Serbocroatian versions were announced.
Anyone with Web access can edit Wikipedia, and this openness encourages inclusion of a great amount of content. About 75,000 editors — from expert scholars to casual readers — regularly edit Wikipedia, and these experienced editors often help to create a consistent style throughout the encyclopedia.
Editors are able to watch pages and techies (科技人員) can write editing programs to keep track of or correct bad edits. Where there’re disagreements on how to present facts, editors work together to arrive at an article that fairly represents current expert opinion on the subject. Although the Wikimedia Foundation owns the site, it’s largely uninvolved in writing and daily operations.
66. Jimmy Wales wanted a more open project because ______.
A. he wanted to found Wikipedia
B. Nupedia had its own disadvantages
C. he earned less money from Nupedia
D. Nupedia had been abandoned
67. The idea of connecting Nupedia with a Web site in the wiki format ______.
A. gained a wide support
B. came into being on January 15, 2000
C. made Nupedia better and better known to the public
D. weren’t welcomed by all Nupedia’s editors
68. Which of the following versions joined the Wikipedia in or after October 2001?
A. English version. B. Norwegian version.
C. Hebrew version. D. Arabic version.
69. Who are responsible to create the main style for the Wikipedia?
A. Any readers of the Wikipedia B. The techies.
C. The Wikimedia Foundation. D. The experienced editors.
70. Which of the following facts about Wikipedia most probably surprises readers?
A. Its owner contributes less to its writing.
B. It appeals to a wider audience.
C. Its owner was founded only recently.
D. It was evolved from Nupedia.
66---70 BDBDA
本文是一篇說明文，主要是介紹了維基百科——開放性的百科全書。介紹了它的創立、運作等。
66. B。 細節理解題。根據文章第一段，Jimmy Wales只所以需要一個更為開放的方案，是因為原來的Nupedia存在弊端：文章的寫入非常的慢（the writing of articles was slow）。當時，Nupedia并沒有被放棄，而Jimmy Wales也沒有想到Wikipedi，因此A、D不對；Nupedia是非盈利性，因此C不對。
67. D。 細節理解題。根據文章第二段的第一句話。當時這一觀點遭到了部分Nupedia的編輯和讀者的反對。
68. B。 細節判斷題。根據文章第三段，“Afrikaans、Norwegian、Serbocroatian”是在9月份之后加入這一行列中的。
69. D。 細節判斷題。根據文章第四段，“these experienced editors often help to create a consistent style throughout the encyclopedia”，創立“the Wikipedia”風格的是那些熟悉的而有經驗編輯。
70. A。 推理判斷題。關于Wikipedia的一些事實，從最后一段的最后一句可以知道，盡管Wikipedia為the Wikimedia Foundation所擁有，但是Wikipedia的運作和文章并不是來自the Wikimedia Foundation，而是廣大的讀者。
開心練習課課練與單元檢測系列答案科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆浙江省寧波市鄞州區高三5月適應性考試英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解
We like to think our intelligence is self-made; it happens inside our heads, the product of our inner thoughts alone. But the rise of Google, Wikipedia and other online tools has made many people question the impact of these technologies on our brains. Is typing in “Who has played James Bond in the movies?” the same as our knowledge about the names like Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig? Can we say we know the answer as long as we know how to rapidly get the information on Google?
Here the question is about how we define intelligence itself. The answer appears to be interesting, because the evidence from psychological studies suggests that much of our intelligence comes from how we coordinate ourselves with other people and our environment.
An influential theory among psychologists is that we're cognitive misers(認知吝嗇者). This is the idea that we are unwilling to do mental work unless we have to. We try to avoid thinking things fully when a short cut is available. If you've ever voted for the presidential candidate(總統候選人) with the most honest smile, or chosen a restaurant based on how many people are already sitting in there, then you are a cognitive miser. The theory explains why we'd much rather type a zip code into Google Maps than memorize and recall the location of a place – it's so much easier to do so.
Research shows that people don't tend to rely on their memories for things they can easily access. Buildings can somehow disappear from pictures we're looking at, or the people we're talking to can be changed with someone else, and often we won't notice – a phenomenon called “change blindness”. This isn't an example of human stupidity – far from it, in fact – this is an example of mental efficiency. The mind relies on the world as a better record than memory.
Philosophers have suggested that thinking is really happening in the environment as much as it is happening in our brains. The philosopher Andy Clark called humans "natural born cyborgs(電子人)", those naturally capable of absorbing and combining new tools, ideas and abilities. In Clark's view, the route to a solution is not the issue – having the right tools really does mean you know the answers, just as much as already knowing the answer.
Rather than being forced to rely on our own resources for everything, we can share our knowledge. Technology keeps track of things for us so we don't have to, while large systems of knowledge serve the needs of society as a whole. I don't know how a computer works, or how to grow vegetables, but that knowledge is out there and I can get to benefit. The internet provides even more potential to share this knowledge. Wikipedia is one of the best examples – an increasingly large database of knowledge from which everyone can benefit.
So as well as having a physical environment – like the rooms or buildings we live or work in – we also have a mental environment, which means that when I ask you where your mind is, you shouldn’t point toward the centre of your forehead. As research shows, our minds are made up just as much by the people and tools around us as they are by the brain cells inside our skull.
【小題1】Why did the writer raise the questions in Paragraph 1?
| A．To find out who has played James Bond in the movies. |
| B．To introduce the topic to be discussed in the passage. |
| C．To show that he knows the answer to the questions. |
| D．To attract readers’ attention by mentioning James Bond. |
| A．Supportive | B．Objective | C．Indifferent | D．Neutral |
| A．Intelligence is something that is made by one’s brain itself. |
| B．Intelligence is something that only happens inside one’s head. |
| C．Intelligence is the product of one’s inner thoughts alone. |
| D．Intelligence is a mixture of the environment, people and one’s brain cells. |
| A．are stupid not to notice the changes |
| B．are efficient in mental work |
| C．are blind to changes around them |
| D．rely on memory when dealing with things |
| A．They make us much more intelligent. |
| B．They make us lazier and more stupid. |
| C．They have little to do with our intelligence. |
| D．They have a negative effect on our intelligence. |
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
C
Wikipedia was founded as a branch of Nupedia, a now-abandoned project to produce a free encyclopedia (百科全書). Nupedia required highly qualified contributors, but the writing of articles was slow. During 2000, Jimmy Wales, founder of Nupedia, and Larry Sanger, whom Wales had employed to work on the project, discussed ways of supplementing (補充) Nupedia with a more open project. Multiple sources are suggested for the idea that a wiki might allow members of the public to contribute material, and Nupedia’s first wiki went online on January 10.
There was considerable resistance on the part of Nupedia’s editors and reviewers to the idea of associating Nupedia with a Web site in the wiki format (格式), so the new project was given the name “Wikipedia” and launched on its own domain (域名), wikipedia.com, on January 15. The domain was eventually changed to the present wikipedia.org when the not-for-profit Wikimedia Foundation was launched as its new parent organization. In March 2007, the word wiki became a newly-recognized English word.
In May 2001, a wave of non-English Wikipedias was launched — in Catalan, Chinese, Dutch, Esperanto, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. These were soon joined by Arabic and Hungarian. In September, Polish was added. At the end of the year, Afrikaans, Norwegian, and Serbocroatian versions were announced.
Anyone with Web access can edit Wikipedia, and this openness encourages inclusion of a great amount of content. About 75,000 editors — from expert scholars to casual readers — regularly edit Wikipedia, and these experienced editors often help to create a consistent style throughout the encyclopedia.
Editors are able to watch pages and techies (科技人員) can write editing programs to keep track of or correct bad edits. Where there’re disagreements on how to present facts, editors work together to arrive at an article that fairly represents current expert opinion on the subject. Although the Wikimedia Foundation owns the site, it’s largely uninvolved in writing and daily operations.
66. Jimmy Wales wanted a more open project because ______.
A. he wanted to found Wikipedia
B. Nupedia had its own disadvantages
C. he earned less money from Nupedia
D. Nupedia had been abandoned
67. The idea of connecting Nupedia with a Web site in the wiki format ______.
A. gained a wide support
B. came into being on January 15, 2000
C. made Nupedia better and better known to the public
D. weren’t welcomed by all Nupedia’s editors
68. Which of the following versions joined the Wikipedia in or after October 2001?
A. English version. B. Norwegian version.
C. Hebrew version. D. Arabic version.
69. Who are responsible to create the main style for the Wikipedia?
A. Any readers of the Wikipedia B. The techies.
C. The Wikimedia Foundation. D. The experienced editors.
70. Which of the following facts about Wikipedia most probably surprises readers?
A. Its owner contributes less to its writing.
B. It appeals to a wider audience.
C. Its owner was founded only recently.
D. It was evolved from Nupedia.
查看答案和解析>>
科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
Dear Reader,
Today I'm going to ask you to support Wikipedia with a donation. Sounds unusual: Why does one of the world's five most popular websites ask for financial support from its users?
Wikipedia is built differently from almost every other top 50. We have a small number of paid staff, just twenty-three. Wikipedia content is free to use by anyone for any purpose. Wikipedia is run by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation, which I founded in 2003.
Wikipedia’s driven by a global community （群體） of more than 150,000 volunteers, all devoted to sharing knowledge freely. More than 275 million people come to our website every month to access information, free of charge and free of advertising.
Your donation helps us in several ways. Most importantly, your 11 help us cover the increasing cost of managing global traffic to one of the most popular websites on the Internet. Funds also help us improve the software that runs Wikipedia, making it easier to search, easier to read, and easier to write for. We're bent on growing the free knowledge movement world-wide, by employing new volunteers, and building strategic （戰略的） partnerships with institutes of culture and learning.
Wikipedia is different. It's the largest encyclopedia （百科全書） in history, all written by volunteers.
Like a national park or a school, we don’t believe advertising should have a place in Wikipedia. We want to keep it free and strong, but we need the support of thousands of people like you, for your donation will help keep Wikipedia free for the whole world.
Thank you,
Jimmy Wales
56. In the letter, Jimmy Wales, the founder of Wikimedia Foundation tries to ________.
A. compare some top websites
B. explain how Wikipedia works
C. introduce a new website to the readers
D. appeal to Wikipedia users to make donations
57. Which of the following is TRUE about Wikipedia?
A. Due to its less popularity, Wikipedia is no longer attractive to advertising at all.
B. Over 275 million people come to Wikipedia to access information for free weekly.
C. Wikipedia, the world's most popular website, is run by the Wikimedia Foundation.
D. Unlike others, Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia in history, is written by volunteers.
58. From the letter we can know donations will help do the following for Wikipedia EXCEPT _______.
A. take on some new volunteers B. develop an effective new software
C. access free knowledge more easily D. cover the increasing cost of management
59. It can be inferred from the letter that ________.
A. Wikipedia aims to give free access to the sum of all human knowledge
B. those donating to Wikipedia will be eventually employed as its volunteers
C. most websites including Wikipedia rely on financial supports from its users
D. supported by Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia wants to be free from advertisements
查看答案和解析>>
科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
Dear Reader，
Today I'm going to ask you to support Wikipedia with a donation. Sounds unusual: Why does one of the world's five most popular websites ask for financial support from its users?
Wikipedia is built differently from almost every other top 50.We have a small number of paid staff, just twentythree. Wikipedia content is free to use by anyone for any purpose. Wikipedia is run by the nonprofit Wikipedia Foundation, which I founded in 2003.
Wikipedia's driven by a global community (群體) of more than 150,000 volunteers, all devoted to sharing knowledge freely. More than 275 million people come to our website every month to access information, free of charge and free of advertising.
Your donation helps us in several ways. Most importantly, you will help us cover the increasing cost of managing global traffic to one of the most popular websites on the Internet. Funds also help us improve the software that runs Wikipedia, making it easier to search, easier to read, and easier to write for. We're bent on growing the free knowledge movement worldwide, by employing new volunteers, and building strategic (戰略的) partnerships with institutes of culture and learning.
Wikipedia is different. It's the largest encyclopedia (百科全書) in history, all written by volunteers.
Like a national park or a school, we don't believe advertising should have a place in Wikipedia. We want to keep it free and strong, but we need the support of thousands of people like you, for your donation will help keep Wikipedia free for the whole world.
Thank you!
Jimmy Wales
67. In the letter, Jimmy Wales, the founder of Wikimedia Foundation tries to ________.
A. compare some top websites B. explain how Wikipedia works
C. introduce a new website to the readers D. appeal to Wikipedia users to make donations
68.Which of the following is TRUE about Wikipedia?
A. Due to its less popularity, Wikipedia is no longer attractive to advertising at all.
B. Over 275 million people come to Wikipedia to access information for free weekly.
C. Wikipedia, the world's most popular website, is run by the Wikipedia Foundation.
D. Unlike others, Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia in history, is written by volunteers.
69. From the letter we can know donations will help do the following for Wikipedia EXCEPT ________.
A. take on some new volunteers B. develop an effective new software
C. access free knowledge more easily D. cover the increasing cost of management
70. It can be inferred from the letter that ________.
A. Wikipedia aims to give free access to the sum of all human knowledge
B. those donating to Wikipedia will be eventually employed as its volunteers
C. most websites including Wikipedia rely on financial supports from its users
D. supported by Wikipedia Foundation, Wikipedia wants to be free from advertisements
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