Question

18．If you have a daughter，take the time to read this．It could save her a lot of heartache．Not to mention stomach aches，headaches，missed days of school，lower grades，eating issues and depression．
The sad truth is that every school，whether public or private，has mean girls．I bet you can still even remember who they are from your school．As a school consultant and mother of three daughters，I know firsthand both personally and professionallyhow much it hurts when girls are targeted by bullies（恃強凌弱者）．
The old saying"sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never hurt me，"couldn't be further from the truth．While boys usually bully through intimidation （脅迫），girls bully through exclusion，also called relational aggression．Here's an example of a case of relational bullying，taken from my experience as a school consultant：
"Heather"was miserable because a girl in her class，"Leslie，"was not only saying mean things to her face，but getting the other girls in the class to exclude her with the age old line"You can't be friends with me，if you're friends with her．"In our sessions，Heather would complain that she didn't have anyone to play with because girls were afraid that if they hung around her they'd become Leslie's next target．
In order to improve the situation，I had to not only reduce the power Leslie had，but empower Heather as well．Here are some ideas that helped，adapted for use by parents：
Ask for specifics when your daughter mentions bullying．Who？Where？How？
Tell the principal and classroom teacher the specifics of how she is being bullied．Have them tell other teachers （i．e．，gym，art，music），hallway monitors and cafeteria staff so that everyone who comes in contact with her can be on the lookout and ready to interfere．
Explain to her that reporting an incident is not the same as tattling（打小報告），and have her tell an adult at school when she is being bullied．
Teach her to convey self-confidence by walking confidently，with her head up．Bullies target those they think are weaker．
Arrange opportunities for your daughter to socialize with her friends outside of school to help her maintain a strong social support system．
In Heather's case，these steps relieved the problem．But because it's tougher to catch girl bullies，it's extremely important for girls to tell an adult if they are being bullied．Unlike boys，who usually bully physically，mean girls often spread rumors，whisper as their target walks by，talk loudly about a party she wasn't invited to，give her the silent treatment，and as discussed above，tell others not to be friends with her．School personnel are there to help，but in order to do anything they must know a problem exists!

Bullying from mean girls
Passage outline	Supporting details
Different forms of girl bullying	◇refusing to （71）include someone in groups ◇（72）threateningothers not to befriend someone ◇spreading rumors about someone ◇treating someone with （73）coldness
Bad effects of girl bullying	◇causing the victims to suffer both physically and （74）mentally ◇leading to the （75）declinein the victims'school performance
（76）Suggestions/Tips/Adviceon fighting against girl bullying	◇Get （77）specificinformation about the bullying． ◇Inform the school staff to interfere with bullying． ◇Encourage kids to （78）seekhelp when bullied． ◇Develop confidence in your kids to （79）avoidshowing weakness． ◇Help kids to gain support by （80）socializingwith friends．
Conclusion	The problem of girl bullying can be solved by joint effort．

Answer 1

分析 短文主要講了在校園女孩欺凌對孩子造成的損害，并結(jié)合這一問題，作者給出了一些建議．

解答 71．include，詞義轉(zhuǎn)換，根據(jù)句子While boys usually bully through intimidation （脅迫），girls bully through exclusion，女孩通過排斥他人進行欺凌，此處使用exclusion的同義詞，位于不定式to后應(yīng)使用動詞原形，即refuse to include．   
72．threatening，總結(jié)歸納題，根據(jù)句子but getting the other girls in the class to exclude her with the age old line"You can't be friends with me，if you're friends with her．"這是通過恐嚇其他同學(xué)不要跟某人做朋友，因此使用"威脅"threaten，根據(jù)前后都是使用動名詞短語，故答案為threatening．   
73．coldness，總結(jié)歸納題，根據(jù)句子whisper as their target walks by，talk loudly about a party she wasn't invited to，give her the silent treatment 可知，這些做法都是冷漠地對待他人，因此with后使用名詞coldness． 
74．mentally，總結(jié)歸納題，根據(jù)句子Not to mention stomach aches，headaches，missed days of school，lower grades，eating issues and depression．可知，女孩的欺凌不僅對受害者身體上造成傷害，還對其精神造成傷害．   
75．decline，詞義轉(zhuǎn)換，根據(jù)第一段的lower grades 可知，會導(dǎo)致受害者學(xué)習(xí)成績的下降，因此使用名詞decline． 
76．Suggestions/Tips/Advice，總結(jié)歸納題，這一部分主要是針對女孩欺凌這一問題提出的一些建議，因此使用名詞Suggestions/Tips/Advice． 
77．specific，詞義轉(zhuǎn)換，根據(jù)句子Ask for specifics when your daughter mentions bullying 可知，針對女孩欺凌要獲得具體的信息，因此使用形容詞specific修飾information．  
78．seek，同義句轉(zhuǎn)換，根據(jù)句子Explain to her that reporting an incident is not the same as tattling（打小報告），and have her tell an adult at school when she is being bullied 可知，被欺凌時要鼓勵孩子尋求幫助．       
79．a(chǎn)void，同義句轉(zhuǎn)換，根據(jù)句子Teach her to convey self-confidence by walking confidently，with her head up．Bullies target those they think are weaker 可知，要讓孩子表現(xiàn)得自信，這樣能避免受欺負．    
80．socializing，詞形轉(zhuǎn)換，根據(jù)句子Arrange opportunities for your daughter to socialize with her friends outside of school to help her maintain a strong social support system可知，讓孩子結(jié)交朋友獲得支持．

點評 解答任務(wù)型閱讀理解題，首先對原文材料迅速瀏覽，掌握全文的主旨大意．因為閱讀理解題一般沒有標題，所以，速讀全文，抓住中心主旨很有必要，在速讀的過程中，應(yīng)盡可能多地捕獲信息材料．其次，細讀題材，各個擊破．掌握全文的大意之后，細細閱讀每篇材料后的問題，弄清每題要求后，帶著問題，再回到原文中去尋找、捕獲有關(guān)信息．最后，要善于抓住每段的主題句，閱讀時，要有較強的針對性．對于捕獲到的信息，要做認真分析，仔細推敲，理解透徹，只有這樣，針對題目要求，才能做到穩(wěn)、準．