When exposed to stress, in ________ form, all of us react both chemically and physically.
A. whichever B. whatever C. however D. whenever
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World’s Fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that ended with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. It was soon followed by other national exhibitions in continental Europe, and finally came to London where the first real international exhibition was held.
Since their start in 1851, the character of world expositions has developed gradually. Three eras can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.
The first era could be called the era of industrialization and covered the period from 1851 to 1938. In these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade and famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements. World expositions were the platform where the state of the art in science and technology from around the world was brought together. Inventions, such as the telephone were first presented during this era. An important part of the image of World’s Fairs stems from this first era.
The 1939 New York World’s Fair and the 1949 Stockholm World’s Fair were different from the original focus of the expositions. From then on, World’s Fairs became more strongly based on a specific theme of cultural significance, and began to address issues of humankind. Technology and inventions remained important, but no longer as the principal subjects of the Fair. Cross-cultural dialogue and the exchange of solutions became defining elements of the expos. It was also during this time, specifically in the 1960s, that BIE organizers started calling World’s Fairs “Expo’s”.
From Expo’88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use World Expositions more widely and more strongly as a platform to improve their national images through their pavilion(展館), where a strong national image is a key asset(財產(chǎn)), pavilions became advertising campaigns, and the Expo a channel for nation branding. As well as cultural and symbolic reasons, organizing countries also use the world exposition to brand themselves.
Expo 2010 in Shanghai has been successfully held. 2017 will see a recognized exposition. 2020 will see a registered category of exposition. Bidding may begin as early as 2011 for this larger sized exposition. There are citizen efforts in American cities with the intention of bringing a World’s Fair back to the United States.
| Title | The (76)______ of World’s Fairs |
| When to start World’s Fairs ? | ●The idea of World’s Fairs came from the French tradition, later replaced by the French Industrial . Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. |
| Eras and types | ●The world expositions were especially fixed on trade and known for the (77) ______ of technological inventions ●The world exposition created a platform for countries to present inventions ●In this era, an important image of World’s Fairs came into (78)__________ ●The focus of World’s Fairs (79)______ from the original one and became more theme-based. ●World’s Fairs were of more (80)_________ significance and started to deal with the problems of mankind. ●(81)________ technology and inventions were still important, they were no longer regarded as the principal subjects. ●World Expos began to be used more widely and strongly as a platform for countries to improve national (82)___________ ● The countries (83)__________ in The World Expos used it as a channel for nation branding. ●(84)_________ cultural and symbolic reasons, organizing countries made use of the World Expos to promote themselves. |
| (85)_____________ | ●2017 will see a recognized exposition and 2020 will see a registered category of exposition. American citizens are making efforts to bring a World’s Fair back to their country. |
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