An experiment was carried out at British school into the performance of new pupils. At the start of the year, the pupils were each given a rating, ranging from “excellent prospect” to “unlikely to do well”. These were totally untrue ratings and did not reflect how well the pupils had previously performed. However, these ratings were given to the teachers. At the end of the year, the experimenters compared the pupils’ performance with the ratings. Despite their real abilities, there was an astonishingly high connection between performance and ratings. It seems that people perform as well as we expect them to.
The Self-fulfilling Effect is also known as the Pygmalion Effect. This comes from an old Greek story. The story was also the basis of George Bernard Shaw’s play “Pygmalion”, later turned into the musical “My Fair Lady”. In Shaw’s play, Professor Henry Higgins claims he can turn a Cockney flower girl, Eliza Doolittle into a duchess. But, as Eliza herself points out to Higgins’ friend Pickering, it isn’t what she learns or does that determines whether she will become a duchess, but how she’s treated.
The implication (含義) of the Pygmalion Effect for leaders and managers is massive. It means that the performance of your team depends less on them than it does on you. The performance you get from people is no more or less than what you expect, which means you must always expect the best. As Goethe said, “Treat a man as he is and he will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can and should be and he will become as he can and should be.”
1.The underlined word in Paragraph 1 can be replaced by “_________”.
A．program B．regulation C．correction D．classification
2.What’s the passage mainly about?
A．A new scientific experiment.
B．The Self-fulfilling Effect.
C．Shaw’s play “Pygmalion”.
D．An improved teaching method.
3.The experiment was made in order to _________.
A．try out a new teaching method
B．pick out the most excellent pupils
C．learn if expectations affect performance
D．give each pupil a proper rating
4.What made Eliza change into a duchess according to Eliza herself?
A．Strict training from Higgins.
B．Her own strong will and hard work.
C．The proper way she was regarded.
D．Warm encouragement from Pickering.
5.According to the Pygmalion Effect, if you want a man to finish a hard task in a short time, you should say, “_________”.
A．I’m sure you can make it B．I will help you any time
C．It is as easy as pie D．It doesn’t matter if you fail
1.D
2.B
3.C
4.C
5.A
【解析】
試題分析：本題介紹了心理學(xué)上的皮格馬利翁效應(yīng)，亦稱“羅森塔爾效應(yīng)(RobertRosenthal Effect)”或“期待效應(yīng)”。暗示在本質(zhì)上，是人的情感和觀念，會不同程度地受到別人下意識的影響。人們會不自覺地接受自己喜歡、欽佩、信任和崇拜的人的影響和暗示。而這種暗示，正是讓你夢想成真的基石之一……在本文中是指自我期待對我們?nèi)松挠绊憽?/p>
1.D 推理題。根據(jù)第一段1,2行At the start of the year, the pupils were each given a rating, ranging from “excellent prospect” to “unlikely to do well”.說明該詞是指給學(xué)生排名分類，從高到低順序排列。故D項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與之相符。
2.B 主旨大意題。本題介紹了心理學(xué)上的皮格馬利翁效應(yīng)，亦稱“羅森塔爾效應(yīng)(RobertRosenthal Effect)”或“期待效應(yīng)”。暗示在本質(zhì)上，是人的情感和觀念，會不同程度地受到別人下意識的影響。人們會不自覺地接受自己喜歡、欽佩、信任和崇拜的人的影響和暗示。而這種暗示，正是讓你夢想成真的基石之一……在本文中是指自我期待對我們?nèi)松挠绊懀蔅正確。
3.C 推理題。本文第一段中的這個(gè)例子就是為了向我們說明人們的心理期待對人生的影響。那些分類排名本來并不正確，但是它給了人們心理暗示，就應(yīng)該按照那個(gè)順序來排名，最終的結(jié)果與最先的期待基本類似。這個(gè)例子正是為了向我們表明心理暗示即期待對人有很多的影響的。故C項(xiàng)正確。
4.C 推理題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩行But, as Eliza herself points out to Higgins’ friend Pickering, it isn’t what she learns or does that determines whether she will become a duchess, but how she’s treated.說明是她被如何對待的方式改變了結(jié)果。故C項(xiàng)正確。
5.A 推理題。根據(jù)皮格馬利翁效應(yīng)，亦稱“羅森塔爾效應(yīng)(RobertRosenthal Effect)”或“期待效應(yīng)”。暗示在本質(zhì)上，是人的情感和觀念，會不同程度地受到別人下意識的影響。人們會不自覺地接受自己喜歡、欽佩、信任和崇拜的人的影響和暗示。而這種暗示，正是讓你夢想成真的基石之一……說明如果我們要成功就要自己一定的心理暗示，故你要完成一個(gè)艱巨的任務(wù)，要對自己說我一定能行。故A項(xiàng)正確。
考點(diǎn)：考查心理學(xué)方面的短文閱讀
點(diǎn)評：本題介紹了心理學(xué)上的皮格馬利翁效應(yīng)，亦稱“羅森塔爾效應(yīng)(RobertRosenthal Effect)”或“期待效應(yīng)”。暗示在本質(zhì)上，是人的情感和觀念，會不同程度地受到別人下意識的影響。人們會不自覺地接受自己喜歡、欽佩、信任和崇拜的人的影響和暗示。而這種暗示，正是讓你夢想成真的基石之一……在本文中是指自我期待對我們?nèi)松挠绊憽Ｒ鶕?jù)文章的中心思想即自我期待對人生會產(chǎn)生很大的影響，仔細(xì)的審題，并根據(jù)選項(xiàng)和文本內(nèi)容作出適當(dāng)?shù)难由炫袛唷?/p>
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I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble. I was in the eighth grade at the time, and we were having a final test. During the test, the girl sitting next to me whispered something, but I didn’t understand. So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen. She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write. I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.
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A. how Susan Boyle achieved her success
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C. Susan Boyle’s influence in the USA
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C. Ten years. D. About twelve years.
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B. It is reasonable for physicians to have a large income because their work is very dangerous.
C. Physicians should be better paid because they work long hours under bad conditions.
D. Physicians have great responsibility, so it is understandable that they should be well rewarded.
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NEW YORK - People who keep doing some work in their field after they retire may enjoy better physical and mental health than those who stop work completely or switch to another area of work, according to a U.S. study.
Researchers from the University of Maryland said the findings suggest that prospective retirees should consider moving into so-called "bridge employment" as a transition to full retirement.
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Overall, Wang's team found, people who went into some form of bridge employment reported lower rates of major diseases like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes and arthritis during the study period than their counterparts who went straight into full retirement.
The findings were not explained by older age or worse initial health among people who opted for full retirement, the investigators report in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology.
On top of their better physical health, "bridge" workers also tended to report fewer mental health problems, such as depression.
The same mental health benefits were not seen, however, when retirees took part-time work in other fields -- possibly, Wang said, because many of these people may have taken those jobs out of financial need rather than choice.
He noted that the lack of benefit could also stem from the fact that these retirees had to adjust to an unfamiliar job position or had to make lifestyle changes.
Bridge work, particularly in one's accustomed field, may benefit physical and mental health for a number of reasons, according to Wang.
In general, he explained, such work may help older adults maintain the active lifestyles they had during their careers and decrease any stress they might feel from the transition into retirement. wwwWang said when it comes to mental health, for instance, bridge work may help by allowing people to keep some of the "role identity" that they have formed over their careers.
Staying active in general, not only through work, can also benefit retirees' physical health, Wang noted. He added, however, that any mental health benefits are likely to depend on the type of activity -- whether it is something that the person truly enjoys, and that helps ease any stress of moving into retirement.
"These findings," Wang said, "suggest that for retirees and prospective retirees, carefully considering whether to engage in bridge employment -- and if so, what types of bridge employment -- is quite important."
What does the underlined phrase “at the outset” mean?__________
A. at least B. at least C. at the beginning D. at last
People who went into some form of bridge employment have less chances to get the following diseases, EXCEPT___________.
A. arthritis B. heart disease C. diabetes D. low blood pressure
Which of the following statement is WRONG?_________
A. As long as retirees move into “bridge employment”, they must be healthier than those who do not.
B. The participants in the study were between 51 and 61 years old.
C. The bridge workers are also less likely to get depression.
D. Staying active is beneficial to the retirees’ physical health.
What can we infer from the passage?________
A. The study was begun in 1992 and lasts for two 6-year periods
B. If a bridge worker is older than 61 years old, it does not mean that he will get a better health than others who enjoy full retirement.
C. Only by moving into “bridge employment” can the retirees enjoy better health both physically and psychologically.
D. Any activity can benefit the retirees’ mental health.
Which is the best title of the passage?
A. A US study
B. Bridge Work
C. Working after retiring can be good for your health
D. Stay active
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