A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.
“It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components (元件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.
They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.
While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.
Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day to day basis.”
(392 words)
【小題1】The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that __________.
| A．they had no model in their mind |
| B．they did not have sufficient time |
| C．they had no ready-made components |
| D．they could not assemble the components |
| A．consists of a flight device and a control system |
| B．can just fly in limited areas at the present time |
| C．can collect information from many sources |
| D．has been put into wide application |
| A．The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects. |
| B．Animals are not allowed in biological experiments. |
| C．There used to be few ways to study how insects fly. |
| D．Wood’s design can replace animals in some experiments. |
| A．Father of Robotic Fly |
| B．Inspiration from Engineering Science |
| C．Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect |
| D．Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study |
【小題1】C
【小題2】B
【小題3】D
【小題4】C
解析【文章大意】主要講述的是哈佛大學從自然界的昆蟲那里得到了靈感，設計開發了第一款機器蒼蠅。文章介紹了該項研究存在的困難，研究將要發展的方向和該研究會帶來的好處。
【小題1】根據第二段的“The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own”意為類似這樣的項目的一個額外的困難就是，這些組成部件從來就沒有現成的，我們不得不靠自己去開發，從中可知，困難就是沒有現成的組成部件，即C項。
【小題2】根據第三段的“he flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems”可知A項是錯誤的。根據第四段的“While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source”和“Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,”可知，目前由于電池等的限制，只能在有限的區域飛行。因此B項是正確的。根據第四段的“so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield”可知該飛行器是在someday將來的某一天才能從不同的地方收集信息，而不是現在，因此排除C項。縱觀全文，講述的是該飛行器尚處于開發的初級階段，有很多地方需要改善，因此D項廣泛投入使用是錯誤的。綜上所述，選B項。
【小題3】根據第四段的it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield可知，A項是錯誤的。B項中animals are not allowed 是錯的，應該是difficult with animals,即有些用動物來做試驗是困難的，不是不允許。C項在文中并沒有提到以前方法的多少，文中只是說offers a new way to study，提供了新的方法，故排除C項。根據最后一段的 you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead，可知，有些試驗用動物很苦難，但是可以用機器人來替代，故選擇D項。
【小題4】文章的重點觀點在第一段，主要講述的是哈佛大學從自然界的昆蟲那里得到了靈感，設計開發了第一款機器蒼蠅。因此選擇C項，A重點在father，與文章中心不符，B項沒有突出得出的靈感是什么，不夠具體，D項講的是在昆蟲研究方面的突破，與文章中心不符。
科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆青海省西寧五中高三上學期期中考試英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：填空題
根據短文內容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中的兩項為多途選項。根據短文內容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中的兩項為多途選項。
In many parts of the world, cars play an important role in daily life and many societies would not exist without them. 【小題1】 But this is the prediction made by a team of transport researchers who are taken seriously, not only by government but also by car manufacturers.
The Human Science and Advanced Technology Institute at Loughborough in the UK is part of an international research program. 【小題2】 That will mean much saving, no accidents and better use of roads. The super-intelligent car in the future will drive itself. 【小題3】 Instead, we will have a choice of cars and change them as frequently as we change our clothing.
According to Dr. David Davis, who leads the research team, these predictions are based on the rising cost of the car culture, which had blocked up our cities, polluted our air, and caused more deaths than both world wars put together.
Davis says, cars will be fitted with some intelligent devices(裝置) to regulate(調節) the distance between one car and another. 【小題4】 computers are much safer drivers than people, so cars in a road train will be able to drive much closer together than cars driven by people.
By 2010, Dr. David Davis believes, car technology will give motorists a clear view of the road, whatever the weather conditions, by projecting an image of the road ahead on to the car’s windscreen. 【小題5】 Cars will be connected by an electronic tow bar to the car in front to form “road-trains”. “The front vehicle in such a train burns the normal amount.”says Davis. “but all the others in the train would burn about ten percent of the normal amount, and so produce about ten percent of the pollution.”
| A．The team there believes that by 2030 all cars will be computerized. |
| B．They believe that cars will become more important in 20 years. |
| C．And it will not be owned by one individual. |
| D．And by 2030, cars will travel in line, linked to each other electronically. |
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科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆吉林省長春市高一上學期期中考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
I shall never forget the day when the earthquake took place. The time was about 5 o’clock in the afternoon and I was driving along the road to take my daughter from school. Our plan was to go swimming together. I had finished my work at 4 o’clock and then gone to the Post Office. Then I’d stopped off at a shop in order to get some fresh fruit. We like to have some fruit to eat after our swim.
I was driving along a high road on my way to my daughter’s school. Over my road was another road which was built like a bridge for cars coming to the other way. I was hungry so I put the bag of apples in the seat beside me and started to eat one.
Suddenly I saw the cars in front of me start to move from side to side. Then my car started to shake! I didn’t know what was happening. Perhaps something had gone wrong with my car. I drove a little more slowly and then I stopped the car and at the same moment the road fell onto the cars in front of me.
I found myself in the dark. I couldn’t move. The bottom parts of both of my legs and my feet were hurting badly and I couldn’t move them. All around me was quiet. But above me I could hear shouts and a lot of noise. Then I memorized (記起) what had happened. I had been in an earthquake.
For about two hours nobody came. Luckily I could reach the bag of apples, so at least I had plenty to eat. Then I heard people climbing towards me. A team of people had come to see if anyone was under the broken road. I called out. “I’m here!” I heard a shout. Soon a stranger climbed to the side of the road near my car. “How are you doing?” he asked.
“Not too bad,” I said, “but my feet and leg feel as if they’re broken.” “We’ll have you out of there just as soon as we can.” They didn’t get me out until the next morning. I had been in my car for fourteen hours.
1.When the earthquake took place, the writer was ______.
A. on his way to the Post Office B. stopping off a shop
C. doing some shopping D. under a road built like a bridge
2.The writer’s car began to move from side to side because ________.
A. there was something wrong with his car
B. he ate apples as he drove
C. an earthquake began to happen
D. he drove too fast
3.Which is the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. When the earthquake happened, the writer was with his daughter together.
B. The writer’s leg and feet were badly wounded in the earthquake.
C. The writer was saved as soon as the stranger climbed up the road.
D. The writer was frightened that he forgot everything that happened around.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2015屆湖北咸寧鄂南高中高一上學期期中考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Some scientists say that animals in the ocean are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings. The noise that affects sea creatures comes from a number of human activities. It is caused mainly by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling, and ship engines. Such noises are added to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals themselves.
Decibels(分貝) measured in water are different from those measured on land. A noise of 120 decibels on land causes pain to human ears. In water, a decible level of 195 would have the same effect.
Some scientists have suggested setting a noise limit of 120 decibles in oceans. They have observed that noises above that level can frighten and confuse whales.
A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that loud noises could seriously injure some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing, which seriously affected the whales’ ability to exchange information and find their way. Some of the whales even died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and become infected(感染的).
Many researches whose work depends on ocean sounds disagree with a limit of 120 decibels. They say such a limit would mean an end to important industrial and scientific research.
Scientists do not know how many and what kinds of noises are harmful to ocean animals. However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they previously believed. They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean.
1.The second paragraph mainly tells us that the noises on land and in water .
A．are both from human activities.
B．both do harm to sea animals
C．are measured differently
D．have the same effect on humans
2.As to(依據) the effects of noises on whales, which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．They are deaf to noises.
B．Noises at a certain level may hurt them.
C．They are easily confused by noises.
D．Noises will limit their ability to reproduce.
3.Many researchers think that the noise limit of 120 decibels would .
A．protect whales from noises
B．benefit them a lot in their research work
C．do good to their health
D．increase industrial output
4.What will scientists most probably do in the future?
A．Count the number of sea animals.
B．Stop their research on the ocean.
C．Study the effect of different noises.
D．Protect sea creatures from harmful noises.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學年浙江臨海白云高級中學高三第三次模擬英語卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Half of the world’s population is affected by Asian monsoons (季風), but monsoons are difficult to predict. American researchers have put together a 700-year record of the rainy seasons, which is expected to provide guidance for experts making weather predictions.
Every year, moist (潮濕的) air masses，known as monsoon，produce large amounts of rainfall in India, East Asia, Northern Australia and East Africa. All this wet air is pulled in by a high pressure area over the Indian Ocean and a low pressure area to the south.
According to Edward Cook, a weather expert at Columbia University in New York, the complex nature of the climate systems across Asia makes monsoons hard to predict. In addition, climate records for the area are too recent and not detailed enough to be of much use. Therefore, he and a team of researchers spent more than fifteen years traveling across Asia, looking for trees old enough to provide long-term records. They measured the rings（年輪）, or circles, inside thousands of ancient trees in more than 300 places.
Rainfall has a direct link to the growth and width of rings on some kinds of trees. The researchers developed a document they are calling a Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas. It shows the effect of monsoons over seven centuries, beginning in the 1300s.
Professor Cook says the tree-ring records show periods of wet and dry weather. “If the monsoon basically fails or is a very weak one, the trees affected by monsoons at that location might put on a very narrow ring. But if the monsoon is very strong, the trees affected by that monsoon might put on a wide ring for that year. So, the wide and narrow ring widths of the chronology（大事年表） that we developed in Asia provide us with a measure of monsoon variability.” With all this information, researchers say they can begin to improve computer climate models for predicting the behavior of monsoons.
“There has been widespread famine and starvation and human dying in the past in large droughts. And on the other hand, if the monsoon is particularly heavy, it can cause extensive flooding.” said Eugene Wahl, a scientist with America’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “So, to get a sense of what the regional moisture patterns have been, dryness and wetness over such a long period of time in great detail, I would call it a kind of victory for climate science.”
1.What’s the passage mainly about？
A．The effects of Asian monsoons. B．The necessity of weather forecast.
C．The achievements of Edward cook. D．A breakthrough in monsoon prediction.
2.It is difficult for experts to predict Asian monsoons because _______.
A．it is hard to keep long-term climate records.
B．they are formed under complex climate systems.
C．they influence many nations.
D．there is heavy rainfall in Asia.
3.What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Long and detailed climate records can offer useful information for monsoon research.
B．The Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas has a monsoon record for about 1,300 years.
C．The trees affected by monsoon grow fast if the monsoon is weak.
D．The rainfall might be low although the monsoon is strong in monsoon-affected areas.
4.According to Professor Cook, the rings of the trees _______.
A．determine the regional climate.
B．have a great influence on the regional climate.
C．offer people information about the regional climate.
D．reflect all kinds of regional climate information.
5.What do we know about the research according to Eugene Wahl?
A．It is a great achievement in climate science.
B．It should include information about human life in the past.
C．It has analysed moisture models world wide,
D．It will help people prevent droughts and floods.
6.Which of the following best describes the tone of this passage?
A．Matter-of –fact B．Pessimistic C．Humorous D．Friendly.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆度廣東省深圳市高二上學期期中考試英語題 題型：閱讀理解
In many parts of the world，cars play an important role in daily life and many societies would not exist without them. So the idea that in 20 years’ time, no one will own cars may be hard to believe. But this is the prediction made by a team of transport researchers who are taken seriously, not only by government but also by car manufacturers.
The Human Science and Advanced Technology Institute at Loughborough in the UK is part of an international research program. The team there believes that by 2020 all cars will be computerized, which will mean much saving，no accidents and better use of roads. The super-intelligent car of the 21st century will drive itself, and it will not be owned by one individual. Instead, we will have a choice of cars and change them as frequently as we change our clothing.
According to Dr. David Davis，who leads the research team, these predictions are based on the rising cost of the car culture, which had blocked up our cities, polluted our air, and caused more deaths than both world wars put together.
Davis says cars will be fitted with some intelligent devices to regulate the distance between one car and another. The car will automatically speed up, or slow down, to match the speed of the car in front. Computers are much safer drivers than people, so cars in a road train will be able to drive much closer together than cars driven by people. By 2010, Dr. David Davis believes, car technology will give motorists a clear view of the road, whatever the weather conditions, by projecting an image of the road ahead on to the car’s windscreen. And by 2020, cars will travel in convoy linked to each other electronically. Cars will be connected by an electronic tow bar to the car in front to form “road-trains”. “The front vehicle in such a train burns the normal amount.” says Davis. “But all the others in the train would bum about ten percent 0f the normal amount, and so produce about ten percent of the pollution.”
1. We know from the passage that governments and car manufacturers .
|
A. do not believe the prediction that no one will own cars by 2020 |
|
B. are devoted to the technological revolution in car industry |
|
C. consider the predictions seriously |
|
D. have put the super-intelligent car into mass production |
2. Which of the following will be the characteristic of the cars of 2020?
|
A. The car will speed up out of control． |
|
B. We will own as many cars as we want． |
|
C. All cars will be driven by computers． |
|
D. Cars will produce more pollution than present ones． |
3.The leader of the research team believes that the present car culture will change because .
|
A. cars play a very important role in daily life |
|
B. many societies would stop functioning without cars |
|
C. cars should not be owned by one individual |
|
D. it causes many deaths to human society |
4.The expression closest in meaning to the phrase “in convoy” in the last paragraph is .
|
A. in line B. sidelong |
|
C. side by side D. shoulder to shoulder |
5. What will happen if cars are joined to each other electronically in 2020？
|
A. Motorists will get a clear view of the road． |
|
B. The weather condition will not have effect on motorists． |
|
C. There will be less pollution caused by car． |
|
D. All trains will burn less fuel than present． |
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