I keep hammering this because I keep seeing people who don’t do it.
1. Look up English to Elvish.
2. Look up the Elvish word in the best Elvish dictionary you have, and, preferably, find out the context（上下文） in Tolkien’s language dictionary.
3. Change the word to suit rules of grammar: singular or plural, mutations, verb tenses, etc.
You cannot leave out any of these steps. If you do, you’re almost certain to have errors. Why you have to do step 2:
Languages never match up one- to-one. English and Elvish are closer than usual, but there are still problems. And English has strange idioms: why are there no baths or beds in public bathrooms or restrooms? You can’t translate literally（逐字地）. You have to understand the meaning behind each word.
In Elvish this is even more true, since our dictionaries contain more or less questionable reconstructions, and words that Tolkien later threw away or replaced. Find the best one you can.
Consider the word “fair”. We tend to use it to mean “just”. Tolkien tends to use it to mean “beautiful”. In Elvish, these are two entirely different words. So when you look up “fair”, you’ll have to go to the Elvish dictionary to see that you’ve got the right one.
Consider the nightmare（噩夢）of He left the bar. Is “left” the opposite of “right” （which also has two meanings） ? Is “bar” extruded steel（型材鋼）, or something to do with law? You have to know what words mean in both languages.
And you’d be amazed at how many people ignore step 3, forgetting that language is more than a string of words, and there are rules about how to fit those words together. You can’t simply look up the word “I” and use it everywhere. Sometimes you need “me” or “my”. There’s a reason it takes a while to learn a language: you have to learn the rules.
It drives me completely mad when people give a questionable translation they insist is right because “it’s in the dictionary”. A dictionary is a tool, a resource. but its entries（詞目）should not be mistaken for a finished product. They are raw materials.
【小題1】The underlined word “this” in paragraph 1 refers to .
A．consulting the dictionaries when translating between language s |
| B．finding out the true meaning in context |
| C．ignoring the rules of grammar |
| D．leaving out some of the three steps the author mentions |
| A．you have to understand the meaning behind each word |
| B．Elvish and English are quite different in forms |
| C．there are no baths or beds in public bathrooms |
| D．Elvish has some words which are hard to find |
| A．helps fit the words together |
| B．takes a while to learn a language |
| C．is a rule to obey |
| D．is often forgotten in translating |
| A．his impatience to those who insist their wrong translation is right |
| B．his puzzle to the questionable translation |
| C．the importance of the correct use of dictionaries |
| D．the mistaken entries in the dictionaries |
| A．learn a foreign language with a dictionary |
| B．avoid errors when looking up a dictionary |
| C．understand the meaning of a strange word |
| D．use a dictionary to translate between languages |
直通貴州名校周測月考直通名校系列答案科目：高中英語 來源：2004全國各省市高考模擬試題匯編(天利38套)·英語 題型：050
閱讀理解
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項(A、B、C和D)中，選出最佳選項。
I might be letting my young son watch too much television. I am certainly watching too many of his programs. They can really be puzzling as they force you to ponder the mysteries of life.
For example, when Franklin (the turtle) wanted a pet, his parents didn't want it to be a frog. They felt that frogs belong in a pond. Isn't that where turtles belong?
And why is it that Little Bear's animal friends can all talk and behave like people, but his friend Emily has a dog that can only bark and fetch? Tell me that isn't a mystery!
Dog lovers can be reassured by Kipper and his friends. These dogs are very human. However, the only time they wear clothes is when they put on bathing suits to go swimming. I'm confused!
Speaking of dogs, could Pluto ever be Goofy's pet? I don't get it! What did the great Mr. Disney have in mind?
And this is unfair! The other day we watched a very nice little pig setting up a picnic. One of the foods was a big ham. Could it have been a soy ham? Is there such a thing? I hope so!
Another thing that bothers me: What if Elmo isn't real? He can't be a mere puppet! He's got a better attitude than most people. I just keep wondering.
I think we'll turn off the TV and go out for a walk. Maybe we'll run into that mouse who dresses well but certainly doesn't speak as clearly as the average bear.
1．The underlined word “ponder” in the first paragraph means ________.
[ ]
2．The author thinks it's “unfair” when ________.
[ ]
A．a pig has a picnic because pigs are dirty animals
B．a pig eats soy beans because soy beans give pigs gas
C．a pig eats ham because ham is too expensive for farm animals
D．a pig eats ham because ham is made from pigs
3．The author probably ________.
[ ]
A．believes that Elmo is a real live creature
B．wishes that Elmo were a real live creature
C．feels that Elmo is a very annoying creature
D．won't let his son watch Sesame Street
4．The author is implying that ________.
[ ]
A．there's a TV mouse that should speak more clearly
B．TV mice should not wear good clothes
C．bears can really speak more clearly than mice
D．watching television is better than playing outdoors
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科目：高中英語 來源：湖南省師大附中2011－2012學年高一下學期期末考試英語試題 題型：053
Directions：Read the following passage．Complete the diagram by using the information for the passage．Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS for each answer．
In both China and the West, at this time of the year, we must endure the cold, the wind and the snow of wintertime．How good it is then that we have festivals to keep our spirits up and hearts warm!
Spring Festival in China and Christmas in foreign countries are times for families and friends to get together, exchange gifts and have a big dinner．
Although the two holidays are different-one is to celebrate Jesus Christ's birth, while the other is celebrated because of thousands of years of Chinese folk traditions – Christmas and Spring Festival still have things in common．
In both, eating is a big part of the holiday celebration．In China we eat dumpling and niangao-cakes made of sticky rice- while Westerners sit down to a roast turkey or ham, with vegetables, apple-sauce and a plum(干果)pudding．
Gifts are another key element in both celebrations．In the West, families gather round the Christmas tree on Christmas morning and open their presents．Gifts range from the small-a box of chocolates-to the large．Children especially look forward to a big present, say a new bike or computer．Similarly, in China children receive gift money in red envelopes from their elders．
With the world becoming more connected, Spring Festival and Christmas have crossed cultural borders．It is not unusual in China to see Christmas trees and Father Christmas figures around the end of December．
And Chinese living abroad have made Spring Festival a special cultural event in many foreign countries．In some US cities, especially those with large Chinese neighborhoods, non-Asian adults and kids join in the fun．“ I've been celebrating Chinese New Year for a really long time, and it's a great cultural festival for the community, ” said Leslie Swartz, who works at the city's Children's Museum in Boston．“Everyone goes to Chinatown．There are lion dances and firecrackers．It's very lively．Schools also celebrate Chinese New Year．” Swartz said．
Swartz has a 13-year-old adopted Chinese daughter, Mei．They celebrate at home, too, decorating the house and eating special foods．They make traditional Chinese New Year's fruit trays(拼盤)．They also write good luck messages on red paper, called spring couplets(對聯), and hang them by the doors at home．
The Title：East-West：We are alike★ 1 ：Spring Festival in China and Christmas in the west
★similarities：
▼keeping spirits up and 2
▼being time for families and friends to 3
▼ 4
▼having a big dinner
★ 5 between the two festivals
▼Spring Festival：folk traditions of China of thousands of years
▼Christmas：Celebrating 6
★ Culture mixture：Spring Festival and Christmas having crossed 7
▼In China：Seeing 8 and Father Christmas figures
▼In the USA：watching lion dances and 9 in Chinatown, making traditional Chinese New Year’ fruit trays, writing good luck messages on red paper and 10 by the doors
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012年北師大版高中英語必修一Module4Unit10練習卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
I might be letting my young son watch too much television. I am certainly watching too much many of his programs. They can really be puzzling as they force you to ponder the mysteries of life.
For example, when Franklin (the turtle) wanted a pet, his parents did not want it to be a frog. They felt that frogs belong in a pond. Isn’t that where turtles belong? And why is it that Little Bear’s animal friends can all talk and behave like people, but his friend Emily has a dog that can only bark and fetch? Tell me that isn’t a mystery!
Dog lovers can be reassured (less worried or frightened) by Kipper and his friends. These dogs are very human. However, the only time they wear clothes is when they put on bathing suits to go swimming. I am confused! Speaking of dogs, could Pluto ever be Goofy’s pet? I don’t get it! What did the great Mr. Disney have in mind?
And this is unfair! The other day we watched a very nice little pig setting up a picnic. One of the foods was a big ham. Could it have been a soybeam ham? Is there such a thing? I hope so! Another thing that really bothers me: what if Elmo(one of my son’s favorite cartoon stars) isn’t real? He can’t be a mere puppet(木偶)! He’s got a better attitude than most people. I just keep wondering.
I think we will turn off the TV and go out for a walk. Maybe we will run into that mouse who dresses well but certainly doesn’t speak as clearly as the average bear.
1. The underline sentence “ponder the mysteries of life” in the first paragraph means ____.
A. avoid the mysteries of living things.
B. remember the mysteries of all kinds of life style.
C. consider the mysteries of living things.
D. discover the mysteries of all kinds of life style.
2. The author thinks it is “unfair” when ____.
A. a pig has a picnic because pigs are dirty animals
B. a pig eats soy beans because soy beans give pigs gas
C. a pig eats ham because ham is too expensive for farmer animals
D. a pig eats ham because ham is made from pigs.
3. The author probably ____.
A. believes that Elmo is a real creature
B. wishes that Elmo were a real live creature
C. feels that Elmo is very annoying creature
D. won’t let is son watch Sesame Street
4. The author is implying that ____.
A. there is a TV mouse that should speak more clearly
B. TV mice should not wear good clothes
C. bears can really speak more clearly than mice
D. watching television isn’t better than playing outdoors
查看答案和解析>>
科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆湖南省高一下學期期末考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：其他題
In both China and the West, at this time of the year, we must endure the cold, the wind and the snow of wintertime. How good it is then that we have festivals to keep our spirits up and hearts warm!
Spring Festival in China and Christmas in foreign countries are times for families and friends to get together, exchange gifts and have a big dinner.
Although the two holidays are different – one is to celebrate Jesus Christ’s birth, while the other is celebrated because of thousands of years of Chinese folk traditions – Christmas and Spring Festival still have things in common.
In both, eating is a big part of the holiday celebration. In China we eat dumpling and niangao – cakes made of sticky rice – while Westerners sit down to a roast turkey or ham, with vegetables, apple-sauce and a plum (干果) pudding.
Gifts are another key element in both celebrations. In the West, families gather round the Christmas tree on Christmas morning and open their presents. Gifts range from the small – a box of chocolates – to the large. Children especially look forward to a big present, say a new bike or computer. Similarly, in China children receive gift money in red envelopes from their elders.
With the world becoming more connected, Spring Festival and Christmas have crossed cultural borders. It is not unusual in China to see Christmas trees and Father Christmas figures around the end of December.
And Chinese living abroad have made Spring Festival a special cultural event in many foreign countries. In some US cities, especially those with large Chinese neighborhoods, non-Asian adults and kids join in the fun. “ I've been celebrating Chinese New Year for a really long time, and it's a great cultural festival for the community,” said Leslie Swartz, who works at the city's Children's Museum in Boston. “Everyone goes to Chinatown. There are lion dances and firecrackers. It's very lively. Schools also celebrate Chinese New Year. ” Swartz said.
Swartz has a 13-year-old adopted Chinese daughter, Mei. They celebrate at home, too, decorating the house and eating special foods. They make traditional Chinese New Year's fruit trays (拼盤). They also write good luck messages on red paper, called spring couplets (對聯), and hang them by the doors at home.
The Title: East- West: We are alike
★ 1. : Spring Festival in China and Christmas in the west
★similarities:
▼ keeping spirits up and 2.
▼being time for families and friends to 3.
▼ 4.
▼having a big dinner
★ 5. between the two festivals
▼Spring Festival: folk traditions of China of thousands of years
▼Christmas: Celebrating ___6.
★ Culture mixture: Spring Festival and Christmas having crossed 7.
▼In China: Seeing 8. and Father Christmas figures
▼In the USA: watching lion dances and9. in Chinatown, making traditional Chinese New Year’ fruit trays, writing good luck messages on red paper and 10. by the doors
查看答案和解析>>
科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
In both China and the West, at this time of the year, we must endure the cold, the wind and the snow of wintertime. How good it is then that we have festivals to keep our spirits up and hearts warm!
Spring Festival in China and Christmas in foreign countries are times for families and friends to get together, exchange gifts and have a big dinner.
Although the two holidays are different – one is to celebrate Jesus Christ’s birth, while the other is celebrated because of thousands of years of Chinese folk traditions – Christmas and Spring Festival still have things in common.
In both, eating is a big part of the holiday celebration. In China we eat dumpling and niangao – cakes made of sticky rice – while Westerners sit down to a roast turkey or ham, with vegetables, apple-sauce and a plum (干果) pudding.
Gifts are another key element in both celebrations. In the West, families gather round the Christmas tree on Christmas morning and open their presents. Gifts range from the small – a box of chocolates – to the large. Children especially look forward to a big present, say a new bike or computer. Similarly, in China children receive gift money in red envelopes from their elders.
With the world becoming more connected, Spring Festival and Christmas have crossed cultural borders. It is not unusual in China to see Christmas trees and Father Christmas figures around the end of December.
And Chinese living abroad have made Spring Festival a special cultural event in many foreign countries. In some US cities, especially those with large Chinese neighborhoods, non-Asian adults and kids join in the fun. “ I've been celebrating Chinese New Year for a really long time, and it's a great cultural festival for the community,” said Leslie Swartz, who works at the city's Children's Museum in Boston. “Everyone goes to Chinatown. There are lion dances and firecrackers. It's very lively. Schools also celebrate Chinese New Year. ” Swartz said.
Swartz has a 13-year-old adopted Chinese daughter, Mei. They celebrate at home, too, decorating the house and eating special foods. They make traditional Chinese New Year's fruit trays (拼盤). They also write good luck messages on red paper, called spring couplets (對聯), and hang them by the doors at home.
The Title: East- West: We are alike
★ 86 : Spring Festival in China and Christmas in the west
★similarities:
▼ keeping spirits up and 87
▼being time for families and friends to 88
▼ 89
▼having a big dinner
★ 90 between the two festivals
▼Spring Festival: folk traditions of China of thousands of years
▼Christmas: Celebrating ____91
★ Culture mixture: Spring Festival and Christmas having crossed 92
▼In China: Seeing 93 and Father Christmas figures
▼In the USA: watching lion dances and 94 in Chinatown, making traditional Chinese New Year’ fruit trays, writing good luck messages on red paper and 95 by the doors
查看答案和解析>>
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