科目：高中英語 來源：測試專家課課練單元練 高二英語(下) 題型：050
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Economics has long been known as the dismal(凄涼的)science. But is any economist so dreary(沉悶的) as to criticize Christmas? At first glance, the holiday season in western economies seems a treat for those concerned with such vagaries(奇想、異想天開) as GDP growth. After all, everyone is spending; in America, retailers make 25％ of their yearly sales and 60％ of their profits between Thanksgiving and Christmas. Even so, economists find something to worry about in the nature of the purchases being made.
Much of the holiday spending is on gifts for others. At the simplest level, giving gifts involves the giver thinking of something that the recipient would like-he tries to guess her preferences, as economists say-and then buying the gift and delivering it. Yet this guessing of preferences is no mean feat; indeed, it is often done badly. Every year, ties go unworn and books unread. And even if a gift is enjoyed, it may not be what the recipient would have bought had they spent the money themselves. Intrigued(激起……興趣) by this mismatch between wants and gifts.
In 1993 Joel Waldfogel, then an economist at Yale University, sought to estimate the disparity(不一致) in dollar terms. In a paper that has proved seminal(開創性的) in the literature on the issue, he asked students two questions at the end of a holiday season: first, estimate the total amount paid (by the givers) for all the holiday gifts you received; second, apart from the sentimental value of the items, if you did not have them, how much would you be willing to pay to get them? His results were gloomy: on average, a gift was valued by the recipient well below the price paid by the giver.
The most conservative estimate put the average receiver's valuation at 90％ of the buying price. The missing 10％ is what economists call a deadweight loss: a waste of resources that could be averted without making anyone worse off. In other words, if the giver gave the cash value of the purchase instead of the gift itself, the recipient could then buy what she really wants, and be better off for no extra cost.
If the results are generalized(無顯著特點的), a waste of one dollar in ten represents a huge aggregate(總計) loss to society. It suggests that in America, where givers spend $ 40 billion on Christmas gifts, $ 4 billion is being lost annually in the process of gift giving. Add in birthdays, weddings and non-Christian occasions, and the figure would balloon. So should economists advocate an end to gift giving, or at least press for money to become the gift of choice?
1．Why do some people regard the holiday season in western economies a treat?
[ ]
A．Because the economic situation in US has been gloomy.
B．Because holiday spending can stimulate GDP growth.
C．Because American retailers make a quarter of their yearly sales through holiday season.
D．Because retailers can make as much profit as 60％ over holiday season.
2．The purpose of Joel Waldfogel's study is to ________.
[ ]
A．prove the mismatch between wants and gifts
B．spark new ideas of economic studies on holiday spending
C．evaluate the disparity between wants and gifts in economic terms
D．discover the exact cost of holiday spending on gift giving
3．Economists think of the missing 10％ of holiday spending a deadweight loss because ________.
[ ]
A．the cash value of the purchase is lower than the buying price
B．it makes many people even worse off for spending more on unwanted gifts
C．with the money the recipients can be better off for no extra cost
D．it is actually a waste of resources in economic terms
4．According to the passage altogether how much money is wasted every year on gift-giving?
[ ]
A．About $ 40 billion.
B．About $ 4 billion.
C．About 10％ of the total value.
D．Much more than $ 4 billion.
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科目：高中英語 來源：浙江省五校2012屆高三第一次聯考英語試題 題型：016
When people say no, you can just accept it and move on．Don't make a “no” mean _________ it does．
less than
other than
more than
rather than
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科目：高中英語 來源：福建省福州三中2012屆高三第二次月考英語試題 題型：050
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科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆浙江寧波市效實中學高考模擬英語卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解
A. Be brave in your requests
B. You get what you tolerate
C. Don’t feel guilty of your requests
D. Don’t think others are mind readers
E. Don’t make a “no” mean more than it does
F. Be specific about what you want and when you want it
Be Bold: Ask for What You Really Want!
Have you ever been in a situation that is causing you to feel annoyed, frustrated, or unappreciated? We all experience them, but often we don’t have the courage to change them or ask for what we really want. Complaining about your problems never solves them. Only when you get clear about what you want, and are willing to ask for it, will you experience not only a lot less stress in your life, but greater success in your relationship, career and life. Here are five tips to help you on your way.
【小題1】________________
We often think our bosses, colleagues and even our friends can understand our thought even without being told. So when they don’t act as we’d like, we feel hurt and upset. For any relationship to develop, both parties have to communicate their needs. Whether it’s how you’d like your colleague to communicate with you about a work project, or how you’d like your boss to assess your work, it’s necessary to convey what you want.
【小題2】________________
When asking for what you really want, you will seldom, if ever, be given more than what you have the courage to ask for. So don’t weaken your requests to avoid being turned down. Think about what your ideal outcome would be and then confidently, courageously, ask for it. While you may not always get as much as you asked for, you will get more than you would have otherwise.
【小題3】________________
In the workplace, the biggest reason for unmet expectations is a lack of understanding of exactly what is expected. A request that holds water needs to make clear not just what you want, but also the time limit within which you want it. That is, both a clear “what” and “when”. For example, “Could you please get the monthly sales report to me by midday Friday?
【小題4】________________
Whether it’s asking your friend to show up on time, or asking your colleague to stop making jokes in your presence, every day, through what you say and do, you teach others how to treat you. Letting others know what you will （and will not）put up with and what you expect from them, is important to your wellbeing and success—at home and work.
【小題5】________________
In reality you won’t always get what you ask for. Your boss won’t always give you the pay raise you’d like and your parents may not agree to mind your three kids every second weekend. When people say no, you can take it really personally and decide never to speak to them again—or you can accept it graciously and move on. At least now you know where you stand and can plan accordingly.
Asking for less than you really want—from yourself, from others and from life—doesn’t serve anyone. Remember that fortune favors the bold. So make bigger, better, bolder requests, and ask for what you really want. Who knows…you might just get it!
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學年浙江寧波市高考模擬英語卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
A. Be brave in your requests
B. You get what you tolerate
C. Don’t feel guilty of your requests
D. Don’t think others are mind readers
E. Don’t make a “no” mean more than it does
F. Be specific about what you want and when you want it
Be Bold: Ask for What You Really Want!
Have you ever been in a situation that is causing you to feel annoyed, frustrated, or unappreciated? We all experience them, but often we don’t have the courage to change them or ask for what we really want. Complaining about your problems never solves them. Only when you get clear about what you want, and are willing to ask for it, will you experience not only a lot less stress in your life, but greater success in your relationship, career and life. Here are five tips to help you on your way.
1.________________
We often think our bosses, colleagues and even our friends can understand our thought even without being told. So when they don’t act as we’d like, we feel hurt and upset. For any relationship to develop, both parties have to communicate their needs. Whether it’s how you’d like your colleague to communicate with you about a work project, or how you’d like your boss to assess your work, it’s necessary to convey what you want.
2.________________
When asking for what you really want, you will seldom, if ever, be given more than what you have the courage to ask for. So don’t weaken your requests to avoid being turned down. Think about what your ideal outcome would be and then confidently, courageously, ask for it. While you may not always get as much as you asked for, you will get more than you would have otherwise.
3.________________
In the workplace, the biggest reason for unmet expectations is a lack of understanding of exactly what is expected. A request that holds water needs to make clear not just what you want, but also the time limit within which you want it. That is, both a clear “what” and “when”. For example, “Could you please get the monthly sales report to me by midday Friday?
4.________________
Whether it’s asking your friend to show up on time, or asking your colleague to stop making jokes in your presence, every day, through what you say and do, you teach others how to treat you. Letting others know what you will （and will not）put up with and what you expect from them, is important to your wellbeing and success—at home and work.
5.________________
In reality you won’t always get what you ask for. Your boss won’t always give you the pay raise you’d like and your parents may not agree to mind your three kids every second weekend. When people say no, you can take it really personally and decide never to speak to them again—or you can accept it graciously and move on. At least now you know where you stand and can plan accordingly.
Asking for less than you really want—from yourself, from others and from life—doesn’t serve anyone. Remember that fortune favors the bold. So make bigger, better, bolder requests, and ask for what you really want. Who knows…you might just get it!
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